They wanted to be the main white nationalist class. They declared such an aspirant to be their father.
Fifty years ago france lost the war trying to keep millions of muslims as french citizens. A french writer initiated a movement to rethink "identity" after him and helped reinvent nationalism for the modern.
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Paris. The man the alt-right calls his spiritual father is a 74-year-old man who lives with four cats in a parisian apartment around the corner from a creole restaurant, a west african clothing store and a peruvian supermarket.
His name is alain de benoist, and outside of his nearly 60-year writing career, he has published over 100 books covering topics from anthropology to paganism. As the leader of a movement born in the 1960s known as yesterday off the assembly line right, he has received any of france's most prestigious intellectual prizes, has been a columnist for several of its leading newspapers, and helped create a canon of fascist and radical writers known throughout the world. Politicians from richard spencer to steve bannon.
His main arguments are at the heart of many nationalist movements around the world, which are picked up even by those who do not know his name. His work has helped lend an aura of respectability to the notion that a european "identity" needs to be protected from being erased by immigration, global trade, multinational institutions, and left-wing multiculturalism. Man printed pages. His parisian apartment is a retreat from a dacha in which he keeps a personal library of over 200,000 volumes, so extensive that he says it has become a burden. In a similar cabinet is a collection of art melodies which includes a modernist portrait of de benoist with his face encased in what appears to be a metal mask. A poster of a speech he once gave in turkey hangs on the bathroom wall, opposite a poster of all breeds of cats.
Now he considers himself more left than right, and says that would vote. For bernie sanders in the us elections this year. (His first choice in france was left-wing candidate jean-luc mélenchon.) He rejects any connection between his new right and the alt-right that supported donald trump.
"Maybe people find me my spiritual father, but i don’t consider them my spiritual sons,” he said.
De benoist’s views changed a lot during his career and risk wrote so much, even in such dense prose, that it can be hard to sort out, higher education, what he believes today. (For english-speakers, his task is also made more difficult for humans, as so little of his work has been translated.) He denounces racism but opposes integration. He rejects demands that immigrants assimilate or "remigrate" but deplores the "sometimes violent" changes that are being brought to european communities. He says personalities improve one day, but he wants you to be "strong". He renounces the alt-right, but works with certain generations and militantly opposed independence.
The group's magazines, nouvelle école and éléments, were originally no different from europe-action, and many of these creators, including dominic wenner, were some of the original writers. But by the mid-1970s, de benoist had invented a new identity rhetoric that challenged the left on its own terms.
De benoit in france, january 1995.
De benoit's big idea of those years, which is now taking on a new life, has become known as "ethnopluralism". Instead of claiming that europeans are superior to non-whites, grece championed the idea that all groups can make a difference,” and sought to accommodate leftist rhetoric about the masses. Every time white nationalists today claim that people are not racists, but simply people who think that bouquet connoisseurs are better off living with their own kind, they refer to this scheme.
“The diversity of the world makes it the only true wealth, for this diversity is the basis of the most precious good: identity, ”wrote de benoist. He declared himself right, because he welcomed the differences between fans of songs and the inequality that it creates. He accused the left of promoting the "homogenization of the world" in the name of egalitarianism.
"Nations are no more interchangeable than people," he declared.
<> thus de benoit declared himself "against all racism" in 1974 and denounced "xenophobia that breeds prejudice, discrimination, hatred and shame on those it affects." He said he was dealing with anti-colonial movements and black power, arguing that left-wing anti-racism was in fact a different kind of racism. The erasing of differences between groups will lead to what he called "ethnocide", "the disappearance of ethnic groups as ethnic groups."
In the same essay, he lamented international sex, as the homogenization of humanity how the world was filled with "similar cities, the same buildings, the same shops, the same products, the same life." And risk still defended the research, claiming that blacks have lower iqs, although it was admitted that any races are better, ”because in general, each race is special in different ways, and its pure representatives can master the best qualities.
De benoist spun right and left together, taking up sentences that seemed illogical, so at times that critics sometimes suspected that he was doing it just to avoid being stigmatized. According to historian todd shepard, grece even adopted leftist jargon, rallying around "document for distinction". Shepard traced the phrase back to a group called the homosexual front for revolutionary action, which celebrated the possibility of intimate difference with a manifesto called "three billion perverts: the great encyclopedia of homosexuality."
This is an intellectual rethink. Helped de benoit infiltrate the rare circle of intellectuals leading the debate in france. His 1977 manifesto, calling on europe to rediscover the “roots” of its identity, looking from the right won an académie française award, and in 1978 he and others associated with grece were hired to create a new magazine for a major centre. -Right-wing newspaper, le figaro.
This was met with outrage in france, especially by left-wing kin.
“A vibrant group of right-wing thinkers is now challenging a longstanding intellectual hegemony of the left, proclaiming sinister theories of race, genetics, and inequality rarely heard since the dark days of the third reich,” wrote time magazine in 1979. The french edition of playboy began the interview with de benoist thus: “they almost compare the players to [nazi propaganda minister] joseph goebbels. Don't they trust you too much?”
De benoist survived such attacks for more than 10 years. However, he began to lose his prominence in the 1990s, after dozens of intellectuals launched a campaign that implicitly aimed at the ready right" as well as a tool for "legitimizing the extreme right" and threatening "like democracy, never human existence."
Some in such circles of their own felt the opposite: that its use became so interested in catering to the mainstream that it refused to follow its ideas to their logical conclusions - calling for sickness on immigrants. Some members of grece moved to the side of the national front, whose then leader, the openly racist and anti-semitic jean-marie le pen, represented precisely the type of old-school nationalism that grece did not want to bear any resemblance to.
One of his bitterest quarrels was with guillaume fayet, who parted ways with de benoit in the mid-eighties, when fay began to take on openly racist positions that de benoist wanted to abandon. , Faye spent years as a radio comedian and occasional porn actor before writing a series of books calling for "reclaiming" europe from muslim immigrants. . Fei told buzzfeed news today that he's "drunk" but is still working on a book about the impending collapse of europe called future civil war.
It was dangerous racism for others" in greece, faye said.
Almost immediately after de benoist formulated his ideas about the right to difference," fay wrote what it was. "A multiracial metropolis and forcing immigrants to 'consider their return as gifts'." Faye began calling for "total war" in the 90s, and de benoist denounced the structure in the press when faye was put on trial for inciting hatred for his 2000 book, the colonization of europe.
<>now faye considers de benoit to be a doll by nature.
De benoist is “a man of the system, not a revolutionary,” faye said. Get rid of [immigrants] first, and then we'll deal with ethno-pluralism."
In short, fei said, "i believe in civil war... He's against civil war."</>
Guillaume fay at a friend's gallery in paris.
De benoit can deny paternity of the alt-right and the nationalist revival, and his potential children are scattered all over the west.
A new generation of white nationalists, in particular many of america's alt-right and rapidly growing like-minded groups across europe, have declared a possible debt to the new right, calling themselves "identitarians". They like to be seen as champions of "ethno-pluralism" but not of the white supremacy once championed in nazi germany or the american south. Even some old-school white nationalists have embraced the name, recognizing the power of the rebrand.</>
De benoist dismisses their calls to remove immigrants and demonize islam, but the nationalists used the purchases he advocated to justify their agenda of the day. And from the us to the european part and russia, his name is an excellent touchstone for someone who claims to belong to the best class of white nationalists.
In the us, one of the most influential followers of de benoit is richard spencer, who, like de benoit, went through elite universities. Spencer said he met de benoist in 2003 while studying on a scholarship in belgium and france. In a bygone era, he dreamed of becoming a director and staged "crazy intellectual productions" of richard wagner's operas.
Spencer remembered ordering a translation of the manifesto for the eu by mail. Renaissance, and in the end, repeatedly re-read the only full-length book by de benois, which was then available in english, "about how to act as a pagan." This led him to other white nationalists who helped shape his vision of creating an "ethno-state" for whites only. Toxic ideas more acceptable.
“For ideas like this, it would be much better if richard spencer became an icon of quoted “racism” in the [21st century] states… instead of patients who are dumber, not very smart, not so presentable, etc.” Spencer said. Richard spencer is a meme. I don't know the users are too narcissistic to say this...I need https://pornleaked.net/onlyfans-leaked-61/147856-trippie-bri-onlyfans-video-037.html to take this burden personally."
By the time spencer discovered the french new right in italy, germany and everywhere else in europe, there were like-minded new rights who were rethinking their own fascist traditions. Directly alluding to grece, the italians called their magazine elementi, and the germans - their elemente. In russia, the philosopher alexander dugin, who dreams of a eurasian empire and once held a post close to president vladimir putin, called his first journal “details and numbered de benoist on his editorial board until de benoit asked to be removed.”
However, the dissemination of these ideas was limited, since not a single person translated his position into english. The situation changed within 10 years, when publishing companies, including the californian counter-currents and the swedish arktos publishing, set themselves the task of popularizing the "new right" in english-speaking countries. Their creators also launched websites that were early incubators of ideas taken up by the alt-right.
Arktos ceo daniel friberg said he found a translation of the european renaissance manifesto on the world wide web while looking to push back his movement. From the radical marginals. Formerly distributing white power heavy metal records and selling nazi paraphernalia, he switched to creating several "metapolitics" websites that helped create an "alternative" media scene in sweden strongly reminiscent of the us alt-right.
Through de benoit, friberg said: “i really understood what a treasure trove of ideas the right wing sits on. It was there that i really formed my ideological orientation.” Today, arktos is considered de benoit's main publisher with english subtitles, with seven titles released.
De benoit's inspiration could also be picked up on a boat in the mediterranean this summer, when a group called generation identity collected more books. More than 200 thousand dollars for a mission aimed at "defending europe" by disrupting manipulation, to save migrants.
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This group has sometimes been lightly covered by mainstream media as "hipster right" anti-immigration activists, but they trace their roots directly back to de benoist, guillaume fayet and others who created the new right.
Generation identity was born as a youth wing of the identitarian bloc, founded by members of the far right group, was not allowed in 2002 after an assassination attempt on the then president jacques chirac. Around this time, de benoit told buzzfeed news that identitarian bloc co-founder fabrice robert sought him out to discuss "our respective political views."Another former grece member, robert steukers, told buzzfeed news that robert attended an institute he modeled after grece in belgium.
(Robert did not respond to several interview requests.)</>
Generation identity's debt to faye is evident from their call to action on their web site.
“Our ideal is conquest, and we will bring it to the fullest. ," The group wrote, borrowing the term faye. “In the face of the homogenization of nationalities and cultures, in the face of a tidal wave of mass immigration, in the face of a school system that hides the history of our nation from the network so that we cannot love it… generational identity is the first line of resistance.”
Generation identity now has over 250,000 fans on facebook in several countries, but today they are looking to expand. Several members joined the national front, notably one of the co-founders of the identity bloc. Others advance a conspiracy theory known as the “great replacement”, believing that the population of europe is being displaced by immigrants, and have made their “remigration” their defining priority.
And while de benoist may have distanced himself from re-emigration, the most prominent leader of generation identity in the international arena, the austrian martin sellner, insisted: "we are doing the ideological and strategic actions of alain de benoist." It was de benoist's work that, sellner told buzzfeed news, "brought me out of the scene of the old right into the new right."
De benoit got fed up with the spirit of questions about the identitarian movement. .
“I think these are very small tendencies, extremely small tendencies of mad fringes desperately seeking legitimacy because they have no one to look up to,” he said.
He emphasizes that only a few of his books, most of which are many years old, have been credited in english and they are not the ones he considers the most important. “Our employees don't talk about the topics i write about.”
But he also helps to legitimize them. He spoke with the richard spencer national policy institute in 2013 and continues to work with spencer and friberg even after the two men signed on to attend the unite the right rally in charlottesville, virginia, where a woman was killed. He interviewed russian eurasian alexander dugin and us white nationalist jared taylor. Spencer's radix will even publish a book soon, including an essay recently written by de benoist and an essay by anti-semitic author kevin macdonald. It is said that such a philosophy is a carefully crafted virus by which one's true beliefs are introduced into polite conversation. Seize power — we need to take over book clubs,” griffin said. “What he did really cunningly and deliberately crystallized ... Fascism, which is impossible to look like a duck and does not always quack like a duck - it looks like a full-fledged intellectual activity.”
But anti-extremist scientist jean -yves camus, who lives next to de benoist in one of the diverse neighborhoods in central paris, thinks the truth is more complicated.
"I really believe his use is no longer racist" camus said. “He is the only one on the far right of the political spectrum worth reading.
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